Here's a 10-step primer on short sales and the steps you will need to take to purchase one.
Foreclosure is a fairly well-understood process, but as "short sale" signs sprout like weeds, you may wonder what they are all about.
When a lender agrees to accept a mortgage payoff amount that is less than what is owed in order to facilitate a sale of the property by a financially distressed owner, it's called a short sale. The lender forgives the remaining balance of the loan.
Everyone loses — or wins
Short sales are a mixed bag for the buyer, the seller and the lender.
If you're a seller, a short sale is likely to damage your credit — but not as badly as a foreclosure. You'll also walk away from your home without a penny from the deal, making it difficult for you to find another place to live.
The buyer gets the property at a reduced price, but the property in all likelihood has its share of problems — think fixer-upper — and will need to go through considerable red tape in order to make the deal happen.
The lender takes a financial loss, but perhaps not as large a loss as it might if it forecloses on the property.
Before you even start considering getting involved in a short sale, there are two situations in which an attempt at a short sale is almost certain to fail:
- No default on loan — Lenders almost never will accept short-sale offers or requests for short sales until the borrower is far behind in payments and a notice of default has been issued.
- Bankruptcy — If the seller has filed for bankruptcy, forget it. Few, if any, lenders will consider a short sale when the seller has filed for bankruptcy because negotiating a short sale is considered a collection activity and collection activities are prohibited in bankruptcies.
Can it work for you?
Buying a home in a short sale can be a hassle, so why should you consider it? It boils down to the bottom line. You will get the property for a substantial discount. Since the lender is eager to continue to get paid the money it loaned out, it may also offer favorable financing terms.
Since the sellers play an active role in the short-sale process, you will have their cooperation (and most likely won't need to evict them upon taking possession of the home). This is not always the case with a property that has gone through foreclosure.
Whether you've become aware of the distressed situation on a property through an agent, a “for sale by owner” ad or word-of-mouth, this is not a do-it-yourself project. A short sale is one real-estate deal where you really need to get help from an experienced agent or attorney. Not all real-estate agents know how to handle a short sale, so make sure you consult with one who can demonstrate special training or a good track record with short sales.
Why lenders (might) agree
It might seem counterintuitive for a lender to go along with a short sale. After all, a lender is legally entitled to pursue the full balance of the loan. When a homeowner falls behind on payments, the lender can (and often does) hold the borrower responsible for every penny owed.
And yet more and more lenders are willing to consider approving a short sale.
Lenders are painfully aware of just how bad the current foreclosure crisis is. They know the cold reality is that a large number of struggling borrowers will end up losing their homes, and so they often see the advisability in accepting the inevitable and trying to minimize their losses. Yet some lenders seem to remain in denial.
Foreclosure is an expensive and time-consuming process for a lender. By agreeing to a short sale, the lender wraps up this little mess quickly, and perhaps with less of a loss than it would have incurred with a foreclosure.
Remember, after foreclosing, the lender owns the home and has to maintain it, insure it and pay taxes on it. So instead of receiving payments each month, the lender is now forking out money every month. Plus, short sales help the lender look good on paper — the property never gets listed as an actual foreclosure, which helps the lender's numbers. Lenders see it as the lesser of two evils — if the numbers make sense for them.
Here are the 10 steps to buying a short sale:
1. Identify potential short sales
Locate pre-foreclosures in your area. You can use an online database, search courthouse listings and legal ads or use an experienced real-estate agent as a buyer's agent. First, try to determine how much is owed on the house in relation to its approximate value. If it seems high, it's a good candidate because it indicates the seller might have trouble selling it for enough to satisfy the loan. Pass on those in which the owner has a lot of equity in the home — the lender likely will prefer to foreclose and resell closer to the market price.
2. View the property
Gauge its condition and estimate of how much it's going to take to repair or renovate. If it needs work, many "normal" buyers won't consider it, which is good for you.
3. Do your research
What is the property worth? What's the profit potential? If you're an investor or even a homeowner planning to live in the home a short time, you'll want to profit from the deal.
4. Find all liens and mortgages
Ask the seller or his agent what liens are on the property, and which lender is the primary lien holder.
5. Figure out the financing
This is critical. You have to know how you're going to pay for the property. If you're a good credit risk, the existing lender may be willing to give you a loan. Since it already has a lot of your information in the short-sale paperwork, it may be able to expedite the loan application process. It's important to understand that in a short sale, you have to be able to move quickly. Once an agreement is worked out, it is common for the lender to require closing in as few as 20 days. This is too late to start shopping for a mortgage.
6. Contact the lender
You or your agent should speak with the loss mitigation department — or perhaps the resource recovery department — rather than the collection or customer service department, which is only interested in recouping past-due loan payments. Finding the decision-maker can be one of the biggest initial challenges. You will first need to have the homeowner complete and sign (notarization is usually required) an authorization letter, which gives the lender permission to discuss the mortgage situation with you.
7. Complete the lender's short-sale application, if it has one
Many lenders have an application specifically for a short-sale request.
8. Assemble the proposal
The proposal generally consists of a package of materials including the application and authorization letter, plus:
- The purchase and sale contract, signed by you and the seller, to buy the property for a specified price. The lender is not going to entertain tentative offers. You're not going to get the chance to ask the bank, "Would you take X number of dollars?" In most cases, this also means posting a sizable amount of money to demonstrate your desire and ability to go through with the transaction if it is accepted. If you can't make a sizable down payment, the lender would have no reason to believe you can do any better than the last owner. It's also very important to the buyer that the contract be contingent upon all lenders approving the short sale in writing.
- A hardship letter. It's important to remember a lender will not even discuss a short sale until the homeowner has fallen behind on payments — usually 90 days. The lender must be convinced that taking a smaller loss now is better than a bigger loss later. To make that case, start with a letter written by the seller giving an overview of the seller's desperate situation. The lender must recognize the seller's inability to pay the loan — immediately and in the foreseeable future — and that the situation is irreversible. The seller should supply as much evidence and documentation as possible, such as divorce papers, evidence of job loss, delinquent accounts, utility shut-off notices, car repossession paperwork, last two years' tax returns, recent pay stubs and recent bank statements. If the lender thinks the seller has money or assets stashed away, it will never go along with a short sale.
- A statement of the property's value. This can be an appraisal or a broker's price opinion. The lower the estimate of the property's current market value, the better it will be for you. You want to show the lender that the seller would not be able to get enough for the home via a normal sale to satisfy the loan. Compile a list of all the problems with the home that hurt the value and make it undesirable to the average buyer and tougher for the lender to resell. The longer a lender must hold onto a property, the more expensive it becomes. If the lender realizes the property will bring it nothing but headaches, it will be more likely to OK a short sale. Richard Geller, of MortgageReliefFormula.com, who has participated in hundreds of short sales, says this part is critical. "Many short sales are turned down because the lender doesn't think the offer is high enough." He advises doing this before the lender does a valuation. "There are ethical and legitimate ways to get a low valuation, and if you show this to the lender to start with, your offer won't look so low." Geller adds that the offer to the lender can be below the amount of valuation: "The offer can be 85 percent in areas that are slow but not terribly distressed, and as low as 50 percent in really distressed areas."
- Detail the costs and liabilities. You want to show the lender it would be much better off letting you take the property off its hands. If you can convince the lender that the home is a money pit, all the better. Take photos of any damage and get estimates of the repair costs. Note: This is also a good opportunity for you to take an honest look at the property and decide if you are willing and able to invest the time and money required to fix it up. Remember: A short sale is always an as-is sale. The lender is not going to pay for or otherwise be responsible for any repairs. But, for example, if the lender forecloses, there's a good chance it will be forced to make repairs just to get the house resold. That's one of the liabilities the lender may face.
- A settlement statement. This statement, which can be prepared by a closing agent or real-estate lawyer, outlines the purchase price, the closing costs and any other costs or fees involved in the transfer of the property. It is often referred to as a net sheet, and the information can be entered onto a HUD-1 Settlement Statement to show the final, negative result at closing.
9. Negotiate
It's not uncommon for the lender to reject your offer or to come back with a counteroffer. As with any real-estate transaction, you should figure out beforehand what your absolute highest limit is, and don't be afraid to walk away if the lender won't meet your figure.
10. Seal the deal
Once you've reached an agreement that all three parties — you, the seller and the lender — are OK with, get everything in writing and officially recorded. Make sure the seller understands all of the terms of the deal. Next comes the closing and the property is yours.
More important details
1. The entire process gets far more complicated — and success more uncertain — if more than one lender is involved. Second or junior lenders often are the ones absorbing most of the loss. If there is a second mortgage or a home equity line of credit, you'll need approval from all. In addition, you may find your mortgage loan was sold to another entity in a process called "securitization," and therefore you also need approval from that company.
Be sure to do a title search, and verify the lien position of the lender you plan to contact. Pursue short sales only with the primary lien holder. Making a deal with a junior lien holder is a waste of time, as you will still be on the hook to the primary lien holder for whatever is owed to it.
2. The Mortgage Forgiveness Debt Relief Act of 2007 gave short sellers a big tax break by changing the way the forgiven amount was viewed for tax purposes. Before passage of the act, that amount was considered as income for the borrower and was subject to tax. However, the new law removed that tax liability.
3. Time is of the essence. While you negotiate with the lender, the clock keeps ticking. Do everything you can to get the lender to move quickly. Many short sales fall apart because the lender moves too slowly and fails to complete the deal before the property goes to auction.
4. Some buyers have successfully negotiated with the lender to minimize the damage to the seller's credit rating. The lender has no obligation to agree to this, but if you can persuade it not to report this action as a black mark on the seller's record (and put this in writing as part of the deal), it will give the seller a big head start in rebuilding his financial life. Typically, the loan will show up on a credit report as "paid," but it will carry a notation that says something like "settled for less than originally owed." That is more favorable than a foreclosure, but still negative.
